Abstract Description: Pelvic floor therapy is a fundamental part of the rehabilitation process for patients. According to the American College of Physicians, techniques such as Kegel exercises are part of the rehabilitation of the pelvic floor, these are used in the non-pharmacological management of female urinary incontinence. in patients with multiple clinical conditions that affect the quality of life of patients. In this article, it is intended to review the importance of pelvic floor muscle therapy in urinary incontinence, pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain, as well as to focus on the concept of therapy itself. Relevance: Pelvic floor muscle therapy is a low-cost tool, indicated in international guidelines and which, to date, has not reported large deleterious effects for people who practice it as a treatment for urinary incontinence. It is vitally important not only to emphasize the pelvic muscles, as stated in the text, since working the muscles in the center of the body, which includes the abdominal and lower back muscles, provide better results for people in this type of exercise. treatment. Conclusions: This review allows providing clear concepts and perspectives within the reach of medical personnel and physiotherapists in general.

Resumen Descripción: La terapia de piso pélvico es parte fundamental del proceso de rehabilitación de pacientes. Según el Colegio Americano de Médicos, técnicas como los ejercicios de Kegel, hacen parte de la rehabilitación del piso pélvico y son usadas en el manejo no farmacológico de la incontinencia urinaria femenina. en pacientes con múltiples condiciones clínicas que afectan la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Se pretende revisar la importancia de la terapia de los músculos del piso pélvico en la incontinencia urinaria, la gestación y el dolor pélvico crónico, así como enfocarse en el concepto mismo de la terapia. Relevancia: La terapia de los músculos del piso pélvico es una herramienta de bajo costo, con indicación en guías internacionales y que no reporta hasta la fecha, grandes efectos deletéreos para las personas que la practican como tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria. Es de vital importancia, no solo hacer énfasis en la musculatura pélvica, sino que es necesario trabajar músculos del centro del cuerpo, donde se incluye la musculatura abdominal y espalda baja, para obtener mejores resultados para las personas en este tipo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: Esta revisión permite brindar conceptos claros y perspectivas al alcance del personal médico y fisioterapeutas en general.

Abstract The Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, typified as such in March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has exceeded the capacity of health systems to aid victims, and triggered a radical change in medical research, and in the monitoring of the enrollment for clinical trials in urologic fields around the world. Last year, almost 90% of clinical sites closed patient enrollment, while at the same time, researchers around the world initiated almost 1000 COVID-19 clinical trials. This catastrophic pandemic has allowed us to expand our medical knowledge exponentially. The global urological community has created and published an infinity of scientific articles: establishing guideline reactions for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of the different urologic conditions across all areas of the field, reporting the experiences at urology services, and putting forward new strategies. The Confederación Americana de Urología (CAU) has promoted international collaborative projects that have led to gaining insight into how the Latin American Urology Services faced the pandemic, including the challenges, strengths, and the areas of opportunity for urologic care. It also allowed us to increase the number and quality of publications. Also, we have created new virtual platforms and international networks to exchange our knowledge. We have as well transformed this social, economic and health crisis brought upon us by COVID-19, into a source of opportunities for the growth and promotion of research in Latin America. Urologic patients, require researchers to work on favoring their goals. A collaborative network, the established and coordinated protocols, the safety of patients and researchers, assertive and constant communication, and effective technology use, are the essential tools to resume institutional investigation under these critical conditions.

Resumen La pandemia del coronavirus (COVID-19), tipificada como tal en marzo de 2020 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), ha superado la capacidad de los sistemas de salud para ayudar a las víctimas y ha desencadenado un cambio radical en la investigación médica y en el seguimiento de los registros para ensayos clínicos en campos urológicos de todo el mundo. El año pasado, casi el 90 % de los sitios clínicos cerraron la inscripción de pacientes, mientras que, al mismo tiempo, investigadores de todo el mundo iniciaron casi 1000 ensayos clínicos de COVID-19. Esta pandemia catastrófica nos ha permitido ampliar exponencialmente nuestro conocimiento médico. La comunidad urológica mundial ha creado y publicado una infinidad de artículos científicos: estableciendo pautas de reacción para el diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento de las diferentes condiciones urológicas en todas las áreas del campo, reportando las experiencias en los servicios de urología y proponiendo nuevas estrategias. La Confederación Americana de Urología (CAU) ha impulsado proyectos de colaboración internacional que han permitido conocer cómo los Servicios de Urología de América Latina enfrentaron la pandemia, incluidos los desafíos, las fortalezas y las áreas de oportunidad para la atención urológica. También nos permitió aumentar el número y la calidad de las publicaciones. Además, hemos creado nuevas plataformas virtuales y redes internacionales para intercambiar nuestro conocimiento. También hemos transformado esta crisis social, económica y de salud que nos ha traído el COVID-19, en una fuente de oportunidades para el crecimiento y fomento de la investigación en América Latina. Los pacientes urológicos, requieren que los investigadores trabajen en favor de sus objetivos. Una red colaborativa, los protocolos establecidos y coordinados, la seguridad de pacientes e investigadores, la comunicación asertiva y constante, y el uso efectivo de la tecnología, son las herramientas esenciales para retomar la investigación institucional en estas condiciones críticas.

Abstract Objective: To determine the association between the presence of genetic disease in the offspring and the paternal age. Methods: We carried out a systematic review in: Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), from encompassing the full catalogue up until October 2022. We included RCTs, Cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Every study was evaluated according to eligibility criteria. Meta-analysis was not possible given the clinical and methodological heterogeneity. Results: We identified 502 studies through the database search. Forty-five studies were selected for data collection and were included in the qualitative analysis. In this systematic review we did not find associations with anomalies such as Trisomy 18, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Tourette syndrome, schizoaffective disorder, adverse perinatal outcomes, hematologic disturbances, microcephaly, hydrocephalus, gastrointestinal disturbances, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, cleft palate, and genitourinary disturbances. In contrast, we found a tendency of association between older fathers and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder syndrome, intellectual disability), nervous system cancer and overall musculoskeletal congenital anomalies. Conclusion: There is a tendency of association among the advanced paternal age and an increased number of birth defects regarding some specific conditions.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la presencia de enfermedad genética en la descendencia y la edad paterna. Métodos: Realizamos una revisión sistemática en: Medline (Ovid), EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), desde el inicio hasta octubre de 2022. Incluimos ECA, estudios de cohortes, de casos y controles y transversales. Cada estudio fue evaluado de acuerdo con los criterios de elegibilidad. El metaanálisis no fue posible dada la heterogeneidad clínica y metodológica. Resultados: Identificamos 502 estudios a través de la búsqueda en la base de datos. Se seleccionaron cuarenta y cinco estudios para la recopilación de datos y se incluyeron en el análisis cualitativo. En esta revisión sistemática no encontramos asociaciones con anomalías como trisomía 18, trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, síndrome de Tourette, trastorno esquizoafectivo, resultados perinatales adversos, alteraciones hematológicas, microcefalia, hidrocefalia, alteraciones gastrointestinales, labio hendido con o sin paladar hendido, paladar hendido y trastornos genitourinarios. Por el contrario, encontramos una tendencia de asociación entre padres mayores y trastornos psiquiátricos (esquizofrenia, autismo, síndrome de trastorno bipolar, discapacidad intelectual), cáncer del sistema nervioso y anomalías congénitas musculoesqueléticas en general. Conclusión: Existe una tendencia de asociación entre la edad paterna avanzada y un mayor número de malformaciones congénitas respecto a algunas condiciones específicas.

Resumen El cannabis se ha utilizado desde la antigüedad con fines recreativos y medicinales. Es una fuente muy rica de compuestos químicos, la mayoría denominados fitocannabinoides, que tienen una variedad de efectos fisiológicos, principalmente por su unión a receptores cannabinoides endógenos como el CB1 y CB2, entre otros. El cannabis tiene propiedades terapéuticas potenciales y sus preparaciones se han utilizado como remedios tradicionales para tratar el dolor y la emesis. Los cannabinoides sintéticos se utilizan clínicamente como analgésicos, antiespasmódico, antieméticos y estimulantes del apetito. La toxicidad significativa del cannabis es poco común en los adultos, sin embargo, puede tener múltiples efectos adversos agudos y crónicos. La calidad de la evidencia en este campo se ha visto limitada por la corta duración de los estudios, los reducidos tamaños de las muestras, la falta de grupos de control y la existencia de sesgos en la mayoría de los estudios revisados. En este contexto, son necesarios más estudios de mejor calidad metodológica para apoyar el uso seguro de esta terapia en otras enfermedades. La decisión de incorporar los cannabinoides como terapia en alguna de las condiciones descritas depende de la evidencia, el uso de terapias previas y el tipo de paciente.

Abstract Since ancient times cannabis has been used for recreational and medicinal purposes. It is a significant source of chemical compounds, most of them called phytocannabinoids. These compounds have several physiological effects and produce their effects primarily by binding to endogenous cannabinoid receptors such as CB1 and CB2, among others. Cannabis has potential therapeutic properties and its preparations have been used as traditional remedies to treat pain and emesis. Synthetic cannabinoids are used clinically as analgesics, antispastics, antiemetics, and appetite stimulants. Significant cannabis toxicity is rare in adults; however, it can produce countless acute and chronic side effects. The quality of the evidence in this field is limited by the short duration of the trials, poor sample sizes, lack of a control group, and the existence of bias in most of the reviewed studies. Therefore, a larger number of studies with better methodological quality is required to support the safe use of this therapy. The decision to include cannabinoids as a treatment for any of the conditions described will depend on the evidence, the use of previous therapies, and the type of patient.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de distúrbios gastrointestinais funcionáis (DGF) em crianças de acordo com os critérios de Roma IV. Métodos: Incluímos coortes e estudos observacionais descritivos, incluindo informações para a prevalência de DGF de acordo com os critérios de Roma IV em crianças de 4 a 18 anos. Pesquisamos nas bases de dados MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, LILACS e CENTRAL de maio de 2016 até os dias atuais. A literatura cinzenta e outras bases de dados também foram consultadas. O risco de viés foi avaliado usando a Declaração STROBE. Os resultados foram relatados em parcelas florestais dos efeitos estimados dos estudos incluídos com um intervalo de confiança de 95% (95%IC). Resultados: Foram incluídos 14 estudos envolvendo um total de 17.427 participantes. Três estudos foram realizados na Europa, dois na América do Norte e nove na América Latina. A maioria dos estudos foi de base escolar (n=14.670, 84,18%), os participantes eram em sua maioria do sexo feminino (55,49%), brancos (51,73%), de 8 a 18 anos (77,64%) e atendidos em escola pública (81,53%). Treze estudos usaram o Questionário de Sintomas Gastrointestinais Pediátricos (QPGS-RIV) para avaliar DGF. Encontramos uma prevalência global de DGF de 23% (95%IC 21-25%, I2 99%). Os principais distúrbios foram constipação funcional (CF) com 12% (95%IC 11-15%) seguido de dispepsia funcional (DF) (5%, 95%IC 11-15%) e síndrome do intestino irritável (SII) (3%, 95%IC 2-4%). A prevalência de DGF foi maior nas Américas, representando 23,67% (95%IC 21, 2-26,2%, I2 91,3%). Conclusão: DGF estão presentes em uma de quatro crianças e adolescentes, representando uma condição comum nessa faixa etária. Os distúrbios centrais foram CF, DF e SII.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in children according to Rome IV criteria. Methods: We included cohorts and observational descriptive studies, including information for the prevalence of FGIDs according to Rome IV criteria in children 4 to 18 years old. We searched the MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, LILACS, and CENTRAL databases from May 2016 to nowadays. Gray literature and other databases were also consulted. The risk of bias was assessed using the STROBE Statement. The results were reported in forest plots of the estimated effects of the included studies with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Results: We included 14 studies involving a total of 17427 participants. Three studies were conducted in Europe, two in North America, and nine in Latin America. Most studies were school-based (n=14670, 84.18%), participants were mostly female (55.49%), white (51.73%), 8 to 18 years old (77.64%), and assisted to a public school (81.53%). Thirteen studies used the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS-RIV) to assess FGIDs. We found a global prevalence for FGIDs of 23% (95%CI 21-25%, I2 99%). Main disorders were functional constipation (FC) with 12% (95%CI 11-15%) followed by functional dyspepsia (FD) (5%, 95%CI 11-15%) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (3%, 95%CI 2-4%). The prevalence of FGIDs was higher in the Americas, representing 23.67% (95%CI 21.2-26.2%, I2 91.3%). Conclusion: FGIDs are present in one of four children and adolescents, representing a common condition in this age group the central disorders were FC, FD, and IBS.

ABSTRACT Objective: This review aimed to analyze interventions raised within primary and tertiary prevention concerning the disease's incidence, progression, and recurrence of Prostate Cancer (PCa). Priority was given to the multidisciplinary approach of PCa patients with an emphasis on modifiable risk factors. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature review in the following databases: Embase, Central, and Medline. We included the most recent evidence assessing cohort studies, case-control studies, clinical trials, and systematic reviews published in the last five years. We only included studies in adults and in vitro or cell culture studies. The review was limited to English and Spanish articles. Results: Preventive interventions at all levels are the cornerstone of adherence to disease treatment and progression avoidance. The relationship in terms of healthy lifestyles is related to greater survival. The risk of developing cancer is associated to different eating habits, determined by geographic variations, possibly related to different genetic susceptibilities. Discussion: PCa is the second most common cancer in men, representing a leading cause of death among men in Latin America. Prevention strategies and healthy lifestyles are associated with higher survival rates in PCa patients. Also, screening for anxiety and the presence of symptoms related to mood disorders is essential in the patient's follow-up concerning their perception of the condition.

Resumen La vigilancia inmunológica es una de las características más importantes del cáncer. En la última década se han desarrollado muchos avances en el tratamiento del cáncer, muchos de ellos relacionados con el uso del sistema inmunológico. El carcinoma de células renales es el tipo de cáncer de riñón más frecuente seguido del carcinoma urotelial. Durante años, el tratamiento del Carcinoma de Células Renales ha sido conflictivo ya que estos tumores no responden bien a la quimioterapia y han demostrado ser susceptibles a inmunoterapias como el interferón y la interleucina 2. El descubrimiento de los puntos de control inmunitarios y su posible papel en el tratamiento del cáncer llevó a la síntesis de nuevos fármacos que pueden dirigirse e inhibir la interacción de ciertas moléculas que son importantes para la homeostasis inmunológica. En esta revisión concisa, resumimos la evidencia relacionada con la inhibición del punto de control inmunitario para el tratamiento del carcinoma de células renales, especialmente para el carcinoma metastásico de células renales.

Abstract Immune surveillance is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer. In the last decade many advancements in cancer treatment have been developed, much of them are related to the use of the immune system. Renal Cell Carcinoma is the most frequent type of kidney cancer followed by urothelial carcinoma. For years, treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma has been conflictive as these tumors do not respond well to chemotherapy and have shown to be susceptible to immunotherapies as interferon and interleukin 2. The discovery of the immune checkpoints and their possible roles in cancer treatment led to the synthesis of novel drugs that can target and inhibit the interaction of certain molecules that are important for immunologic homeostasis. In this concise review, we summarize the evidence related with immune checkpoint inhibition for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, especially for metastatic renal cell carcinoma.

Resumen El cáncer de vejiga es la undécima neoplasia maligna más frecuente a nivel mundial y conlleva una alta morbimortalidad. Para su diagnóstico, múltiples ayudas como la urotomografía y la cistoscopia, que permanecen como el estándar de oro en la actualidad. Se realizó una revisión narrativa en múltiples bases de datos (Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect). El diagnóstico fotodinámico, al igual que la reconstrucción vesical por tomografía para realización de cistoscopia virtual son herramientas que se han introducido más recientemente. Asimismo, la ecografía contrastada y particularmente la Resonancia Magnética Multiparamétrica vesical con la clasificación de VI-RADS se han propuesto como alternativas novedosas. Éstos últimos son tal vez las herramientas más promisorias, sin embargo, se requieren más estudios que permitan recomendar su uso generalizado, que aún se vería limitado por su disponibilidad.

Abstract Bladder cancer is the eleventh most common malignancy worldwide and carries high morbidity and mortality. For its diagnosis, multiple imaging tools such as CT urography and cystoscopy, which remain the gold standard to this day, have been used. A narrative review was performed in multiple databases (Medline, Scopus, ScienceDirect). Photodynamic diagnosis, as well as tomography bladder reconstruction for virtual cystoscopy, are diagnostic methods that have been introduced more recently. Likewise, contrast ultrasound and particularly bladder multiparametric MRI with the VI-RADS classification have been proposed as novel alternatives. The latter could end up changing the diagnostic paradigm, however, more studies are required to recommend their widespread use, which would still be limited by their availability.

Abstract Background and objective. The reconstruction of soft tissues is a frequent requirement in craniofacial surgery for diferent congenital and acquired causes. Due to the complexity of the alterations, there is no uniform treatment. However, the use of fat grafts is a useful tool; the recipient site deferral before its placement is a rare technique in clinical practice. Our objective is to clinically and histologically evaluate the benefts of deferral of the recipient site before placement of the dermal fat graft in facial soft tissue reconstruction. Methods. Descriptive observational study between 2016 and 2019, at the Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia, including 10 patients with hemifacial atrophy, hemifacial microsomia, and cancer sequelae: frst surgical time for the placement of alloplastic material and a second surgical time for the dermal fat graft placement. Also, we took biopsies from the recipient site during each intervention. Results. The scarring, facial symmetry and satisfaction had an average score of 8.7 ± 1.5 (6-10), evaluated from 0 to 10. One of the patients (10%) felt unsatisfed after the procedure and required lipoinjection without complications. Histopathological analysis revealed an increase in the number of capillaries per feld (14.6 ± 4.0 vs. 8 ± 2.4) (P <0.05), tortuosity of the capillaries (1.8 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.3) (P <0.05) and leukocyte infiltration (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 0.5 ± 0.5) (P<0.05) in the second surgical time when compared to the frst. Conclusions. This surgical technique is a fast and efective procedure for facial soft tissue reconstruction. It favors the leukocyte infiltration, number of capillaries and tortuosity of the vessels, achieving less resorption, higher integration and graft survival.

Resumen Introducción y objetivo. La reconstrucción de tejidos blandos es un requerimiento frecuente en cirugía craneofacial por diferentes causas, congénitas y adquiridas. Debido a la complejidad de las alteraciones no existe un tratamiento uniforme. Aunque el uso de injertos dermograsos es una herramienta útil, el diferimiento del lecho receptor previo a su colocación es una técnica poco frecuente en la práctica clínica. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar clínica e histológicamente los beneficios del diferimiento del sitio receptor previo a la colocación del injerto dermograso en la reconstrucción facial de tejidos blandos. Material y método. Estudio realizado entre 2016 y 2019 sobre una serie de 10 pacientes con atrofa hemifacial, microsomia hemifacial y secuelas de cáncer, en el Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia. Primer tiempo quirúrgico para la colocación de material aloplástico y segundo tiempo para la colocación del injerto dermograso, tomando biopsias del sitio receptor durante cada intervención. Resultados. La cicatrización, simetría facial y satisfacción tuvo una puntuación promedio de 8.7 ± 1.5 (6-10), evaluado de 0 a 10. Uno de los pacientes (10%) se sintió insatisfecho después del procedimiento y requirió lipoinyeccion, sin complicaciones. El análisis histopatológico reveló aumento estadísticamente significativo en el segundo tiempo quirúrgico con respecto al primero en el número de capilares por campo (14.6 ± 4.0 frente a 8 ± 2.4) (P<0.05), tortuosidad de los capilares (1.8 ± 0.4 frente a 0.1 ± 0.3) (P<0.05) e infiltración leucocitaria (1.9 ± 0.3 frente a 0.5 ± 0.5) (P<0.05) respectivamente. Conclusiones. Esta técnica quirúrgica es un procedimiento rápido y efectivo para la reconstrucción facial de tejidos blandos. Histológicamente, favorece la infiltración leucocitaria, número de capilares y tortuosidad de los vasos, logrando menor reabsorción, mayor integración y supervivencia del injerto.